Bomber cat build6/11/2023 ![]() As such, you either kill the frontline quickly and rush the boss, or use Long Distance and Wave Attacks to knockback and eventually kill Bakoo from behind the frontlines before she can attack. While Bakoo's range is very low (180), her Long Distance hits extremely far away (from 50 to 1,800), and is still sufficient enough for her to hide behind the pair of Bores that guard her. 20 Wall Doges spawn, delay 16.67 seconds 500f.2 Bores spawn, delay 26.67 seconds 800f.Photograph, of a vehicle near the remains of the fertilizer plant in West, Texas, by Mike Stone/Reuters. The combination of unstable nitrogen bonds in the fertilizer, plus heat from the fire, resulted in an explosion as powerful as a 2.1 magnitude earthquake. It’s because of ammonium nitrate’s explosive potential that the Department of Homeland Security proposed an ammonium nitrate registration program in 2011, to regulate transactions involving the sale or transfer of ammonium nitrate at the point of sale.Īmateur video shows that the West Fertilizer Company plant was on fire-the town’s mayor described it as fully engulfed in flames-just before the explosion. “The ammonium nitrate has its own fuel, the ammonium, and its own oxidizer, the nitrate,” making the process self-sustained, explained Jimmie Oxley, chemistry professor at the University of Rhode Island. ![]() But provide it with a source of energy, like a flame, spark, or even mechanical impact, and the results can be explosive. Ammonium nitrate’s activation energy is just high enough that it will not explode in everyday use. So why doesn’t ammonium nitrate explode spontaneously? Because of something called activation energy, which is defined as the minimum energy necessary to start a chemical reaction. When this happens in the body, the reaction can cause fluid to accumulate in the lungs, irritation of the large airways (bronchitis), inflammatory lung disease, and severe corrosive damage or burns to the mouth, throat, and stomach. When anhydrous (which means “without water”) ammonia meets with water, the reaction gives off heat and forms caustic ammonium hydroxide. Ammonium nitrate is most commonly made from anhydrous ammonia gas the Dallas News reports that fifty-four thousand pounds of the gas were stored at the plant. It’s not a coincidence that many of the most famous bomb-making chemicals-nitroglycerin, nitrocellulose, trinitrotoluene (TNT), and C4 plastic-are nitrogen compounds.Īnother concern is the gas that was stored at the plant. The nitrogen atoms go from a less stable, high-energy state (such as in NO 3 or NH 4), to a very stable, low-energy state (such as in N 2), with the excess energy being released very rapidly, even explosively. If a lot of energy is needed to split the two nitrogen atoms and break those bonds, then, conversely, a lot of energy is given off when two nitrogen atoms come together to make the bond. Now, think back to the very stable N 2 molecule. The nitrate portion of the fertilizer (NO 3) is already in the form plants can use the ammonium portion (NH 4) is slowly converted to usable nitrate by soil bacteria, and thus remains available to the plant for a longer time. The bonds between these elements are less stable than atmospheric N 2 bonds, so plants can more readily get at the nitrogen. It is made of nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. It takes a lot of energy to break apart the N 2 molecule, energy most plants do not have, so they get nitrogen in other ways: either through nitrogen-fixing bacteria (bacteria equipped with special nitrogen-busting enzymes, which combine atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen to make ammonia), or fertilizers like animal manure, whose composition can be nearly five per cent nitrogen.Īmmonium nitrate is probably the world’s most widely used artificial fertilizer. The N 2 molecule consists of two nitrogen atoms joined by a triple atomic bond that triple bond makes atmospheric nitrogen so stable that, for years, scientists thought it was an inert gas. Plants need nitrogen to build proteins, and it is difficult to get that nitrogen from the atmosphere (which may seem odd, since our atmosphere is nearly eighty per cent nitrogen).
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